Index: talks/notes.txt
===================================================================
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+History
+=======
+Thomson company
+---------------
+* 1879: Thomson-Houston Electric Company created in the USA (would become part of General Electric).
+* 1892: French sub-company (CFTH) created, exploits Thomson-Houston patents on electricity transport and production
+* XXth century: the French company becomes independant from GE, and spawns a lot of subcompanies itself:
+- Railways and tramways (ALSTOM)
+- Batteries and light bulbs (Mazda)
+- Refrigerators and washing machines (Brandt)
+- Sewing machines, movie projectors, weapons (also Brandt)
+- Semiconductors (EFCIS, will become ST Microelectronics after merge with Italian SGS)
+* 1981: Thomson-Brandt and Thomson-CSF are nationalized, mostly because the French army needs a reliable supplier of weapons and semiconductors
+
+Thomson contributed to various research areas, including radars, video discs,
+magnetrons, eurovision, and more.
+
+Computers in France
+-------------------
+Since WWII and the help from USA for getting out of it, France tries to be independant from the USA as much as possible
+* Limits on the number of movies imported from the US, keeping French-made ones
+* Avoidance of the English language (it's still forbidden to do courses in English in French universities!)
+
+And some things more relevant to microcomputers:
+* Somewhat high taxes on imported products
+* US companies can't easily create a French spin-off
+- Nothing like the german Commodore company
+* Custom standards: SECAM TV modulation, AZERTY keyboards, SCART connector on TVs
+
+This makes France a good place to start a computer company.
+* Other French manufacturers: Matra, Exelvision, SMT, Logabax, Micronique, and more...
+
+
+The "Plan Informatique Pour Tous"
+---------------------------------
+French government decides to install a computer room in every French school
+* The requirements are designed to help French manufacturers
+- SCART connector, AZERTY keyboard, LSEG language (BASIC clone with French keywords)
+- No foreign company wants to bother with this
+- Matra, Thomson and Exelvision have a try
+- Thomson manages to reuse the MO5 computer with few changes (it needs a network adapter and RAM expansion), and a Logabax or SMT computer as a server.
+- The two others came with (more expansive) original designs.
+- Almost all schools will get the Thomson solution.
+
+Machines
+========
+
+Common information
+------------------
+Quite powerful operating system with graphic menu, multi-byte characters support (for French accents).
+Later model came with built-in office suite.
+
+* Custom design, not MSX compatible.
+* CPU: 6809E, 1MHz
+* 16KB video memory in two bitplanes
+
+The choice of 6809E is because Thomson-EFCIS was already manufacturing Motorola
+compatible chips for the French army. Thomson employees had easy access to those.
+Other French companies often went with 68xx-based designs.
+
+Early prototypes designed by José Henrard (economist and sociologist) in 1979.
+
+TO7
+---
+* Date: 1982
+* RAM: 8K x 8bits (system), 8K x 14bits (video)
+* ROM: 6K (in 6846 PIA)
+* Video modes: 320x200, 8 colors, 8x1 attribute blocks
+
+Goal: an Apple ][ à la française
+* Video circuit built only with standard 74LS logic chips.
+* Uses (expensive) static RAM
+* Lightpen and graphical boot menu
+* The custom tape drive does signal decoding and provides a bit stream to load in memory directly
+* Memory expansion up to 32K system RAM
+* Capacitive keyboard (no moving parts!)
+* Comes with a lightpen.
+* BASIC is stored in a cartridge
+* The video RAM is split in an 8-bit bank for pixels, and a 6-bit bank for colors.
+
+TO7/70
+------
+* Date: 1984
+* 64K RAM, extensible to 128K
+* 6K ROM (in 6846 PIA)
+* 8-bit color RAM allowing for 16 colors
+
+Hardware update.
+* Now uses a gate array for video generation
+* Uses (cheaper) DRAM
+* BASIC is stored in a cartridge - a new version is needed to use the extra RAM.
+* QDD is available as a storage medium.
+* Soft membrane keyboard
+
+MO5 and MO5E
+------------
+* Date: 1984
+* ROM: 16K (dedicated chip)
+* RAM: 48K
+
+New design, drops TO compatibility.
+Goal: A ZX Spectrum à la Française
+* Removes 6846 PIA with built-in timer and ROM
+* Simplified memory layout for simpler decoding
+* Fixes some design bugs
+* No graphical menu, but will autoboot cartridges and floppydisks.
+* Built-in BASIC
+* Some tricks to keep hardware expansions compatible with the TO range.
+* Improved (faster and safer) tape coding format, done in software this time.
+* First generation machines can't get a memory expansion, second revision makes it possible to add 64K using the cartridge port.
+* About 500 000 machines were made.
+
+TO9
+---
+* Date: 1985
+* 128K RAM
+* 136K ROM (!)
+* Disk drive (3.5" - second drive can be added)
+* PC-Like desktop case with detached keyboard (but all plastic)
+* Finally a real keyboard! (the MO5 and TO7/70 will be upgraded to get one, too)
+
+Goal: an Apple Macintosh à la Française (yes, you're startingto get it)
+* Still 8-bit, still 1MHz!
+* New video modes, similar to Amstrad CPC:
+- 640x200 in 2 colors,
+- 320x200 in 4 colors,
+- 160x200 in 16 colors
+* 4096 color palette (with unusual Gamma curve)
+
+Integrates most expansion available for earlier models:
+* 6-bit audio DAC supplements buzzer (available as an expansion for previous models)
+* Joystick/mouse ports
+* Parallel port
+* 3 expansion ports on the back
+
+The price is too high for an 8-bit machine, and the built-in software has bugs.
+
+TO8, MO6, MO5NR, TO9+ and TO8D
+------------------------------
+* Date: 1986
+* RAM: 128K (MO), 256K (TO8) or 512K (TO9+)
+* ROM: 80K (TO) / 64K (MO)
+
+Goal: An Atari ST à la Française (I've already heard that somewhere...)
+* Still 8-bit, still 1MHz!
+* Unified Gate Array: a single chip is used for all the machines
+* More flexibility: RAM banking, 60Hz video modes
+* Even more video modes (bitplane-like)
+* The TO8 lacks a built-in disk drive. The TO8D will fix this (it's the only difference)
+* The MO6 has a built-in tape drive.
+* The MO5NR is designed for Nanoréseau operation and has no built-in storage device.
+* MO5NR and MO6 can be extended to 192K memory, TO8 ad TO8D to 512K
+* The MO family gets a boot menu, after all.
+
+TO9+ has a built-in modem to act as a Minitel server (French BBS-like system)
+* Software moves back to floppies to allow updates (but can be loaded to a RAM disk)
+
+Later
+-----
+European standard attempt
+* Team with Olivetti and Acorn to build an european answer to the MSX standard (in 16-bit)
+* Olivetti sold some machines based on Thomson designs
+* Nothing more came out of this
+
+The Théodore project
+* A 16-bit machine based on 68000
+* OS/9 system, multitasking
+* Never went out of prototype stage
+
+PC compatibles
+* From 87 to 89, Thomson made some PC compatible machines.
+* Nothing very interesting there...
+* Still could not fight against Amstrad machines.
+
+Programming
+===========
+
+CPU
+---
+The 6809 is the last member of the Motorola 68xx family.
+Somewhat similar to the 6502, but:
+* Two accumulator registers useable as a 16-bit one.
+* 2 index registers
+* 2 stack regusters
+* Zero-page (now called Direct-page) can be moved anywhere in RAM using the DP register)
+* Hardware 8bit x 8bit multiplication
+* Many addressing modes (indirect, predecremented, postincremented)
+* LEA instruction (like in the 68000)
+
+Video
+-----
+The video is generated from two 8KB pages.
+In the standard mode, one page defines 2 color numbers, and the other defines
+which to use for each pixel:
+
+AAAABBBB x 01101110 = ABBABBBA
+
+The pixels are stored in-order.
+
+Extra video modes introduced in the TO9:
+* Bits for each pixel are split on the two pages
+* a 320x200, 2-color mode with a single 8KB page
+* "overprint" (one page masks or shows the other), with less colors
+
+Hardware tricks
+---------------
+
+127 video modes
+* The video generator has 7 configuration bits
+* Not all mode are interesting... what can you do with them?
+* It's possible to mix video modes on screen and change the palette to show more colors.
+* On 1986 machines, several memory banks can be used for video display, allowing for page flip effects
+
+60Hz and maybe overscan
+* The 1986 machines introduce a 60Hz mode
+* By switching between 50 and 60Hz modes, it may be possible to kill the border around the screen?
+
+Disk access
+* Various different controllers used over time (WD17xx family)
+* The 1986 machines use the THMFC1, a custom Thomson chip
+* The provided DOS is slow. Can you do better?
+
+Direct-from-tape audio
+* The tape drive is stereo. One track is used for data, and the other is sent to the audio output
+* Music (or ads!) was played while games loaded.
+* May be a good solution for running a demo with better music, without wasting CPU time for it.
+
+Where's the trap?
+-----------------
+So far, this all looks amazing! (doesn't it?)
+How comes the machine isn't loved more?
+
+Problem with interrupts
+* they jump to the ROM directly and can't be intercepted. Waste of time!
+* One solution is to replace the ROM with a better one, for example the OS/9 system. This makes interrupts jump in RAM.
+
+Lack of soundchip
+* the 6-bit DAC and big memory is good for sampled music, but this has to be fed by the CPU. Needs synchronized code...
+* One option is using the tape drive audio track instead, for zero-CPU music playing.
+
+Sub-optimal software offer
+* Bad commercial software: The IPT plan made the Thomson an edutainment computer. And these "games" are crap.
+* A lot of games ported from Spectrum or Amstrad CPC, with more or less success.
+* Lack of documentation: the existing ones are in French (oops!). Even use of the BASIC can be a challenge!
+* Most games ran on both MO6 and TO8, not using the TO8 features (timer, more memory, ...)
+* The platform was quickly abandonned by major publishers (where's Rich Dangerous? Where's Prince of Persia?), and left with only French-made games.
+
+Hardware and software compatibility
+* Many different machines, and also "minor" revisions (MO5 has two different Gate Arrays, and various motherboards and ROMs revisions)
+* Slightly different memory mapping
+* Very different hardware (floppy controllers, color palettes, memory size, ...)
+>> Pick one machine and stick to it! (TO8 is the most common choices)
+
+Demoscene history
+=================
+* In the 80s: nothing!
+* In the 90s: some early experiments, mainly from the HCL group: HCL Megademo, Anima 3D
+* In the 2000s: creation of the PULS group. Cross-development tools make it easier to work with Thomson machines: Chinese Stack, Space Project.
+* In the 2010s: first Thomson prods entered in a demoparty compo (finally!) - at the Forever party!
+
+Sceners on Thomson: about 10 people.
+Active today: 3 to 5. We need your help! :)
+
+Want to join the fun?
+=====================
+Emulators
+---------
+MESS: the most accurate
+TEO: maybe easier to use (built-in debuger,...)
+dcmoto: not very accurate.
+
+Careful: emulators are only tested with existing software. If you start poking around the hardware, don't expect them to behave 100% like the real machines.
+
+Documentations
+--------------
+* dcmoto website (some documents, but not all, have an english translation)
+* http://shinra.cpcscene.com - Most complete reference on the MO5 - other machines coming soon!
+
Index: talks/test.tex
===================================================================
--- talks/test.tex	(revision f7d1bc3b81e80ccb1c3aec63cc9d90d37e4137fc)
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+\documentclass{beamer}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+\mode<presentation> {
+%  \usetheme{Montpellier}
+  \usecolortheme{beaver}
+  \usecolortheme{orchid}
+  \useoutertheme{tree}
+  \useinnertheme{rounded}
+
+  \setbeamercovered{transparent}
+  % ou autre chose (il est également possible de supprimer cette ligne)
+}
+
+% Large and black subsection header at the top of the page
+\setbeamerfont*{subsection in head/foot}{size=\large}
+\setbeamercolor{subsection in head/foot}{fg=black}
+
+\setlength{\parskip}{.3\baselineskip} 
+
+%\usepackage[french]{babel}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+%\usepackage{times}
+%\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+% Or autre. Notez que le codage et la fonte doivent être assortis. Si T1
+% ne paraît pas très esthétique, essayer d'effacer la ligne contenant fontenc.
+
+\title % (facultatif, à utiliser uniquement si le titre de l'article est trop long)
+{Thomson computers}
+
+\subtitle {The history of Thomson 8-bit computers in France}
+
+\author[] % (facultatif, à utiliser seulement avec plusieurs auteurs)
+{Adrien Destugues - PulkoMandy}
+% - Composez les noms dans l'ordre dans lequel ils apparaîtrons dans l'article
+% - Utilisez la commande \inst{?} uniquement si les auteurs ont des affiliations
+%   différentes.
+
+\institute[Forever 2016] % (facultatif mais généralement nécessaire)
+{
+	Forever Party 2015 - Defender of the 8-bits
+}
+% - Utilisez la commande \inst uniquement s'il y a plusieurs affectations
+% - Faîtes quelque chose de simple, personne ne s'intéresse à votre adresse.
+
+%\date % (facultatif)
+%{6 juin 2009}
+
+%\pgfdeclareimage[height=0.5cm]{le-logo}{haiku.pdf}
+%\logo{\pgfuseimage{le-logo}}
+
+% ne pas afficher les sous-sections dans la table des matières
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
+
+% À supprimer si vous ne voulez pas que la table des matières apparaisse
+% au début de chaque sous-section :
+\AtBeginSection[] {
+  \begin{frame}<beamer>{Plan}
+    \tableofcontents[currentsection]
+  \end{frame}
+}
+
+% Si vous souhaitez recouvrir vos transparents un à un,
+% utilisez la commande suivante (pour plus d'info, voir la page 74 du manuel
+% d'utilisation de Beamer (version 3.06) par Till Tantau) :
+%\beamerdefaultoverlayspecification{<+->}
+
+% Redéfinir la page de titre (sans date dessus)
+\defbeamertemplate*{title page}{progressbar theme}{
+  \makeatletter
+  \begin{center}
+    \textbf{\textcolor{structure.fg}\large\inserttitle}
+
+	\insertsubtitle
+    
+    \vskip\baselineskip
+    \footnotesize\insertauthor\\[\baselineskip]
+    \ifx\insertinstitute\@empty \else\tiny\insertinstitute\\[\baselineskip]\fi
+  \end{center}
+  \makeatother
+}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+% Remove stupid "Figure:" label on picture captions
+\setbeamertemplate{caption}{\raggedright\insertcaption\par}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \titlepage
+\end{frame}
+
+\frame{
+	\frametitle{Plan}
+	\tableofcontents
+}
+  % Vous pouvez, si vous le souhaiter ajouter l'option [pausesections]
+
+\section{History}
+	\subsection{Thomson company}
+		\begin{frame}
+			The birth of Thomson
+			\begin{itemize}
+				\item 1879: Thomson-Houston company created in the USA
+				\item 1892: Companie Française Thomson-Houston
+				\item 1892: Merges with General Electric
+			\end{itemize}
+			The French company (CFTH) turns out to be not so useful to General
+			Electric. It gradually becomes independant.
+
+			\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{thomson-logo.jpg}
+			\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{logo.png}
+			\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{stmicro.jpg}
+
+			\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{thomson-logo-0.jpg}
+			\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{thmicro.jpg}
+
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+			During the XXth century,
+			Thomson buys other companies, gets too big, is split into several
+			sub companies, some of which merge again.
+			\begin{itemize}
+				\item 1966: Thomson is split in Thomson-Brandt and Thomson-CSF
+				\item 1981: Thomson-Brandt and Thomson-CSF are nationalized and merged again.
+			\end{itemize}
+
+			The nationalization happens because Thomson is a major supplier of
+			weapons and high-tech devices for the French army (including
+			semiconductors and other electronics related products). The French
+			government doesn't want to rely on supplies of those coming from
+			other countries, and wants to secure the local production.
+		\end{frame}
+	
+		\begin{frame}
+			Activities in various sectors over the XXth century:
+			\begin{itemize}
+				\item Electricity transport and production
+				\item Tramways and Railways (will become ALSTOM)
+				\item Batteries and Lightbulbs (Mazda)
+				\item Weapons (Hotchkiss)
+				\item Home appliances (Brandt)
+				\item Semiconductors (EFCIS, will become ST microelectronics)
+				\item Cathodic ray tubes and monitors
+				\item ... and more (Technicolor, Thales, ...)
+			\end{itemize}
+
+			Thomson is involved in research about Radars, Magnetron, Videodiscs,
+			the first "Eurovision" TV transmission, and much more.
+		\end{frame}
+	\subsection{Economics in France}
+		\begin{frame}
+			France is worried that the USA will take over the country
+			\begin{itemize}
+				\item This dates from WWII, mostly
+				\item Politics and Economics are designed to avoid this
+				\item Avoiding the use of English as much as possible
+			\end{itemize}
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+		The big US companies (Commodore, Apple, Atari and others) don't get to
+		the French market as easily as elsewhere in Europe.
+		\begin{itemize}
+			\item High import taxes
+			\item No easy way to setup a French subcompany (like Commodore Germany)
+			\item French specific standards: SECAM, AZERTY, SCART (computers have to be modified to work with this)
+		\end{itemize}
+		\end{frame}
+	\subsection{Computers in France}
+		\begin{frame}
+		This makes it easier for French companies to do their own computers
+			\begin{itemize}
+				\item Matra licences the MC10 design from Tandy and makes a French version of it
+				\item Exelvision designs a computer using TI hardware
+				\item Thomson builds theirs using Motorola 68xx family
+				\item And much more (SMT, Léanord, LogAbax, Bull, ...)
+			\end{itemize}
+		\end{frame}
+
+	\subsection{Plan Informatique Pour Tous}
+		\begin{frame}
+			"Informatique Pour Tous" - Computers for everyone!
+
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.4\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{nanoreseau.jpg}
+			\end{column}
+
+			\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
+				\begin{itemize}
+					\item French government plan to install computers in classrooms (6-15 year old children)
+					\item Technical constraints enforcing a French manufacturer (SCART connector, LSEG language)
+					\item Thomson will make most of the machines for this
+				\end{itemize}
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+		\end{frame}
+
+
+		\begin{frame}
+			Thomson solution
+				\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{nanoreseau_01.jpg}
+
+			\begin{itemize}
+			\item "Student" computers: MO5 with RAM expansion and network interface
+			\item The network is Léanord's Nanoréseau (RS485 based)
+			\item "Teacher" computer (file server): Bull, LogAbax or SMT machines.
+			\end{itemize}
+		\end{frame}
+
+
+\section{Timeline of Thomson computers}
+	\subsection{General information}
+		\begin{frame}
+			\begin{itemize}
+			\item All machines built around the 6809E CPU at 1MHz
+			\item Video memory is made of two 8K pages
+			\item No compatibility with anything else!
+
+		The 6809E (and other Motorola chips) was already manufactured by Thomson-EFCIS
+		for the French army, under license from Motorola. The 68xx chipset will be
+		a popular one for French computers because of this (including Matra Alice,
+		Tavernier, Apollo 7 Squale shown below).
+			\end{itemize}
+
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.3\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{alice.jpg}
+			\end{column}
+			\begin{column}{.3\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Tavernier.jpg}
+			\end{column}
+			\begin{column}{.3\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{squale.jpg}
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+		\end{frame}
+
+	\subsection{Early design: the T9000 prototype}
+		\begin{frame}
+		Most of the design for the first machine is the work of José Henrard.
+		Researcher in sociology and economy, he built his own computer in his spare time and was then hired by Thomson to get the company started with computers.
+
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{SiHenrard.jpg}
+			\end{column}
+			\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{title-t9000.png}
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+
+
+		This leads to the prototype T9000 computer demonstrated in 1979, a design
+		very close to the TO7. Works then begin on industrializing the design.
+		\end{frame}
+
+	\subsection{TO7}
+		\begin{frame}
+		The TO7 is introduced in 1982. It competes against the Apple II and the zx81.
+
+		"TO" means "Télévision Ordinateur", or "TV Computer", as it plugs to a standard TV.
+
+		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{F_TO7.jpg}
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+			Almost 24K of RAM:
+			\begin{itemize}
+				\item 8K system RAM (8 bits wide, expansion available to add 32K more),
+				\item 8K video RAM (14 bits wide)
+			\end{itemize}
+
+			6K of ROM (built into the 6846 PIA):
+			\begin{itemize}
+				\item monitor code and "welcome" boot screen
+				\item (BASIC comes in a cartridge, sold separately)
+			\end{itemize}
+
+		Static RAM is used, allowing a simple video generation system using standard 74LS logic chips.
+
+		The computer is designed to be used mostly with the integrated lightpen.
+		The keyboard is considered secondary and made flat in an attempt to make it less visible.
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+		320x200, 8 color, with 8x1 color blocks, 2 colors per block.
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+				\begin{figure}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{03.png}
+				\caption{Atomium, 1982}
+			\end{figure}
+			\end{column}
+			\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+				\begin{figure}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{24.png}
+				\caption{Elvis Lives! Slideshow, 2014}
+			\end{figure}
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+		Sound: 1-bit buzzer.
+		\end{frame}
+
+	\subsection{TO7/70}
+		\begin{frame}
+			Introduced in 1984, this competes against the Amstrad CPC 464 and Commodore 64.
+			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{F_to770-2.jpg}
+
+			64K RAM (48K system + 16K video), extensible to 128K.
+
+			Dynamic RAM and integrated Gate Array for video logic.
+
+			Slightly better "chicklet" keyboard.
+		\end{frame}
+		\begin{frame}
+			The color palette has the 8 base colors, and brighter versions (not darker as on Spectrum).
+
+			"bright white" is replaced with orange.
+			\begin{figure}
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{MOD1.png}
+			\end{column}
+			\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{MOD2.png}
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+				\caption{La mine aux diamants, 1984}
+			\end{figure}
+		\end{frame}
+
+	\subsection{MO5}
+		\begin{frame}
+			The MO5 was launched at the same time as the TO7/70. It is a simpler design and competes against the ZX Spectrum and Oric Atmos.
+
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{F_mo5.jpg}
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.04\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[angle=90,width=\textwidth]{mo5pal.png}
+			\end{column}
+			\begin{column}{.96\textwidth}
+			6846 PIA removed
+			
+			Simpler memory map with 16K ROM and 48K RAM
+			
+			Better tape data encoding.
+
+			Built-in BASIC, masked by cartridges.
+
+			No memory expansion initially, but fixed later to allow a 64K expansion on the cartridge port.
+
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+			\begin{figure}
+			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dinos.png}
+			\caption{Life and death of Dinosaurs, 1986}
+			\end{figure}
+			\end{column}
+			\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+			\begin{figure}
+			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{poiscmo5.png}
+			\caption{Poiscaïe by Exocet, 2015}
+			\end{figure}
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+
+
+			
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+		\end{frame}
+
+	\subsection{TO9}
+		\begin{frame}
+
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{TO9.jpg}
+			\end{column}
+
+			\begin{column}{.4\textwidth}
+				Introduced in 1985, the TO9 targets the professional market
+			
+				(competing against the Macintosh, according to Thomson marketing dept.)
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+			128K RAM, 136K ROM with built-in BASIC, Word processor, database, and "icon DOS" file manager.
+
+			Built-in disk drive, PC like desktop case with detached keyboard
+
+			6-bit DAC for sound output, Joystick/mouse ports, parallel port.
+
+			(these are all available as expansion for other models).
+
+			The same year, the TO7/70 and MO5 are upgraded to get a mechanical keyboard.
+
+			\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{screenshot1.png}
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+		\begin{columns}[T]
+			\begin{column}{.7\textwidth}
+			New video modes without block constraints
+			
+			(320x200 4 colors, 160x200 16 colors,
+			
+			640x200 2 colors)
+
+			4096 color configurable palette.
+
+				\begin{figure}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{brink-thedruid.png}
+				\caption{The Druid by Brink, 2014}
+			\end{figure}
+			\end{column}
+			\begin{column}{.4\textwidth}
+				\vspace{-.5cm}
+				\begin{figure}
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bob.png}
+				\caption{Bob Morane Science Fiction}
+
+				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{asterix.png}
+				\caption{Asterix Chez Rahazade}
+				\end{figure}
+			\end{column}
+		\end{columns}
+		\end{frame}
+
+	\subsection{The 1986 machines}
+		\begin{frame}
+			New gate array integrating more of the computer on a single chip to reduce costs.
+
+			All the new features from the TO9 are made available on all machines.
+
+			The ROM is 64K on MO6 and 80K on TO machines. The built-in software is now moved to floppies
+			to allow easier upgrades (the first 10000 TO9 shipped had to be replaced because of software bugs).
+
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+			The TO7/70 is replaced with the TO8 (now fighting against Amstrad CPC 6128, Amiga 500 and Atari ST),
+			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{TO8.jpg}
+
+			It gets an internal floppy controller and 256K RAM, but still no built-in floppy drive.
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+			The MO5 is replaced with the MO6 (fighting against Amstrad CPC 464),
+			which has 128K RAM and a built-in tape deck.
+
+			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{MO6.jpg}
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+			The TO9 with the TO9+, getting 512K of RAM and a built-in modem.
+
+			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{F_to9plus.jpg}
+		\end{frame}
+
+	\subsection{End of the story}
+		\begin{frame}
+			In 1987, the TO8 is replaced with the TO8D and finally gets a built-in floppy drive.
+
+			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{to8dcote.jpg}
+		\end{frame}
+
+		\begin{frame}
+			Thomson teamed up with Olivetti (Italia) and Acorn (UK) to design an european standard computer.
+			This was based on 68000 CPU and multitasking OS/9. The project is cancelled.
+
+			Thomson will sell a PC compatible machine (the TO16) until 1989, then quit the microcomputer market.
+		\end{frame}
+
+\section{Programming on Thomson}
+\subsection{The 6809E CPU}
+	\begin{frame}
+		\begin{itemize}
+		\item Binary-incompatible redesign of the earlier 680x CPU
+		\item Similar to the 6502, but more powerful
+		\item 2 accumulators (A and B) useable as a 16-bit one (D)
+		\item 2 index registers (X,Y)
+		\item 2 stack pointers (S,U)
+		\item Direct-page allows fast access to a 256-byte memory zone 
+			(like Zero-page, but can use any 256-byte memory zone with DP register)
+		\item Hardware mulitply instruction
+		\item advanced addressing modes (indirect with predecrement/postincrement)
+		\item LEA instruction (like on 68000)
+		\end{itemize}
+	\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Video logic}
+	\begin{frame}
+		Original design (1982-1985)
+		\begin{itemize}
+	\item The video hardware access the memory using a 16-bit bus 
+	\item This is split in two "banks", the CPU can only map one at a time
+	\item One bank sets 2 colors for a block (3 or 4bit each)
+	\item The other bank defines the 8 pixels (0=use first color, 1=use second color)
+	\item The resolution is fixed to 320x200, leaving a small free space in each bank
+	\item Video memory is linear.
+		\end{itemize}
+	\end{frame}
+
+	\begin{frame}
+	Starting from the TO9, and in the 1986 gate array, some changes are made:
+	\begin{itemize}
+	\item The 4-bit colors are fed to a programmable lookup palette, allowing 4096 colors
+	\item The pixel clock can be changed to generate 160x200 or 640x200 modes
+	\item The "attribute block" system can be replaced by a planar or semi-planar mode (each pixel is defined using some bits from each bank)
+	\item The system allows for "overprint" modes where one bank masks the other.
+	\end{itemize}
+	\end{frame}
+
+	\begin{frame}
+	In 1986, further changes are made:
+	\begin{itemize}
+	\item The memory access is done using the system 8-bit bus
+	\item The two banks are interleaved in physical memory to allow "same-page" fast access
+	\item This makes it possible to use a single bank of 8 256K chips for the whole memory
+	\item As the Gate Array is also used on the MO6, an extra swapping step is added for compatibility.
+	\end{itemize}
+	
+	\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Sound}
+	\begin{frame}
+	Up to the MO5, only a buzzer is available.
+
+	Starting from the TO9, a 6-bit DAC is used. It has no DMA, so playing sound
+	wastes a lot of CPU time, and some bits are shared with mouse input, which create interferences.
+
+	Additionally, the tape drive has a stereo head. One track is used for data,
+	and the other is sent to the audio amplifier. This can be used for CPU-free
+	high-quality audio.
+	\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Memory banking}
+	\begin{frame}
+		The ROM is always mapped in. This is why interrups are hardwired to it.
+
+		On the MO5 and plain TO7, only the video RAM is banked (2 banks). But
+		RAM expansions may add more.
+
+		The TO9 adds even more banking support,
+
+		The 1986 gate array is compatible with all of the above, and has yet another
+		new mode to allow up to 512K of banks. It also allows relocating the video
+		RAM to different memory banks instead of a single fixed one.
+
+		Use of the different modes can be confusing. It's possible to map the same
+		RAM page to the CPU at multiple places at a time.
+	\end{frame}
+
+
+\subsection{Extra features}
+	\begin{frame}
+		On TO machines, the 6846 PIA provides a programmable timer
+
+		Unfortunately, the interrupt routine jumps into ROM, and does a lot of things
+		there.
+
+		You can still use the timer with polling, or the SYNC instruction to wait for
+		timer events without using interrupts (but this of course locks the CPU waiting).
+	\end{frame}
+
+	\begin{frame}
+		The 1986 gate array has 60Hz video support. This was never used, as attempts to export the machines have all failed (to URSS, India, Argentina, Spain, ...).
+
+		This could be used to kill the bottom border of the screen like on Atari ST.
+
+		The video modes are programmed using a 7-bit register. A lot of combinations are marked "useless" in the official documentation. What happens if you use them?
+	\end{frame}
+
+
+\section{Software failure}
+\subsection{Why did it fail?}
+
+\begin{frame}
+As you probably have noticed, Thomson machines were never too popular out of
+France. Why is that?
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item Too high prices: Thomson insisted on building the computers completely
+		in France, and had somewhat complex hardware (lots of RAM and ROM, ...),
+		leading to high prices.
+	\item Too high compatibility: all machines use the same 1MHz CPU in an attempt to make them all compatible. In 1986,
+		this was not acceptable anymore
+	\item Too low compatibility: despite the attempts, there were still a lot of problems and misunderstandings (why keeping both the MO and TO series? Why replacing the Gate Array with a new and slightly different design in the MO5 later revisions?)
+	\item Too many machines: and I only shown the ones with actual hardware differences, ignoring the various recasings (MO5NR, MO5 Platini, mechanical keyboard upgrades)
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item Unusual CPU choice: Thomson and Tandy CoCo are the only ones using the 6809, forcing devs to use different tools and rewrite all their code. Z80 and 6502 were a lot more popular.
+	\item Low quality software: most software is adapted from Spectrum or CPC,
+		and not using Thomson machines capabilities to their full potential.
+		Moreover, they kept compatibility with older models, and never used the
+		advanced features of the new ones to the full power.
+	\item "educative" orientation. Thomson is remembered for being the "school
+		computer". It never managed to become a popular game machine, nor
+		a business one.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Thomson demoscene}
+\begin{frame}
+In the 80s and 90s, there was an active Thomson community in France, but not
+much demomaking activities. People focused mostly on writing "serious" software,
+and some hardware projects.
+
+In the 1990s, the only group was HCL. They did some intros as well as the HCL
+megademo.
+
+In the 2000s, the group PULS finally brings some serious demos to Thomson with
+Chinese Stack and Space Project.
+
+In 2011, for the forst time a Thomson demo enters a democompo (at Forever!)
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Join us!}
+\begin{frame}
+I hope to see more people have a try at Thomson. You don't have one at home?
+No problem, we have emulators!
+
+Get MESS or TEO, both come with a built-in debugger and other useful features
+for development.
+
+Some of the hardware documentation is only available in French. (have a look at
+the dcmoto website for some). I'm working on a "demomaker guide" to get you
+started.
+
+http://shinra.cpcscene.com
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}
